2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease and pregnancy (V) — Valvular HD、HF、特殊族群(Cardio-Oncology、Heart transplantation)

📍 對應原文章節:§12.5 Valvular HD、§12.6 Heart failure、§12.7 Special populations(含 cardio-oncology、heart transplantation)|對應 Figure:Figure 20, 21, 22|對應 Recommendation Tables:Tables 10, 11, 12(補充)
🎯 Take-home Message
  • Valvular HD(Fig 20):總圖列 4 個瓣膜的 stenosis / regurgitation 風險 + red flag。Mitral stenosis(rheumatic)+ 嚴重 AS 是 mWHO IV;Severe regurgitation 多在 well-tolerated 範圍但要密切評估 LV function。
  • Mechanical Heart Valve(MHV)抗凝決策(Fig 21):依 high-risk vs low-risk valve thrombosis 與 trimester 切。VKA dose ≤5 mg/day 可整孕期繼續;>5 mg/day 第一 trimester 需轉 LMWH(嚴密 anti-Xa)。最後 2 週前一定轉 LMWH/UFH 等待 delivery。
  • Acute HF / 心因性休克(Fig 22):嚴格分流(severe HF/CS vs no severe);PPCM 特殊路徑 — bromocriptine + prophylactic anticoagulation;LMWH 預防 thromboembolic events;MCS(VA-ECMO / LVAD)作 bridge to recovery / transplant。
  • Cardio-oncology + pregnancy:PHT + cardio-onco team 共管 I C;不可因為孕期延誤 essential cardiotoxic 治療,依 trimester 與藥物個別調整。
  • Heart transplantation:產後再懷孕 → postpone ≥1 年 after Tx I C;immunosuppression level 4-2-1 週監測 I C;mycophenolate 強制 pre-conception 換 azathioprine。

💗 §12.5 Valvular Heart Disease — Figure 20 速覽

ESC 2025 Pregnancy — Figure 20 Valvular heart disease in pregnancy
原文 Figure 20|Valvular heart disease and pregnancy.
來源:2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease and pregnancy (Eur Heart J, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf193) — 個人教學使用,原始版權屬 ESC。

🧭 圖表逐步解析:Figure 20

這張圖在回答什麼問題:各瓣膜病在妊娠中的風險樣態(red flags),一張圖看完。

四個瓣膜 × stenosis / regurgitation 的結構:

瓣膜Stenosis 重點Regurgitation 重點
Aortic valveIncreased risk if >mild stenosis;moderate to severe stenosis;symptomatic;severe LVH;abnormal ECG;dilated aortaUsually well tolerated;symptomatic;dilated LV with impaired systolic function;dilated aorta
Pulmonary valveStenosis usually well tolerated;symptomatic;severe RVH;dilated right atrium;prior interventionUsually well tolerated;poor RV function
Tricuspid valveStenosis rare as native lesion;symptomatic;fluid retention;liver diseaseUsually well tolerated;poor RV function;Ebstein anomaly
Mitral valveHigh suspicion if risk of rheumatic disease;symptomatic;severe stenosis;dilated left atrium;high PASP;complex subvalvular disease;arrhythmiaUsually well tolerated;exclude Marfan syndrome / connective tissue disease;dilated LV with dysfunction;mitral valve prolapse with ventricular arrhythmia

實務意涵:

  • Mitral stenosis(rheumatic)是孕期最棘手的瓣膜疾病:volume + HR 上升 → PAH 急性惡化。MS valve area <1.5 cm² = mWHO IV;<1.0 cm² 強烈 caution。
  • Aortic stenosis:severe symptomatic AS(Vmax ≥4 m/s 或 mean gradient ≥40 mmHg + symptoms)= mWHO IV;asymptomatic moderate-severe AS = mWHO II-III。
  • Severe regurgitation(AR、MR、TR):多數 well-tolerated,因 SVR 下降 → afterload 降。但 dilated LV with impaired systolic function 或 Marfan AR 是 caution flag。
  • Ebstein ‘s anomaly with severe TR:可 well-tolerated 妊娠,注意 right HF 與 SVT。

瓣膜病 acute management 原則

  • Severe symptomatic MS:beta-blocker(降 HR、延長 LV filling)+ diuretic(降 PCWP);不行 → percutaneous mitral valvotomy(Class IIa,2nd trimester)。
  • Severe AS with HF:避免 vasodilators(會 worsen LVOT pressure gradient);preload 用 diuretic 謹慎;severe symptomatic → balloon valvuloplasty(IIa)或 valve surgery(last resort, IIa C — 只當其他選項失敗,胎兒風險 20-30%)。
  • Severe AR / MR with HF:diuretic、digoxin、hydralazine(無 ACEi/ARB),urgent surgery 通常可推遲到產後。

🩸 §12.5 MHV 抗凝決策 — Figure 21

ESC 2025 Pregnancy — Figure 21 MHV anticoagulation across pregnancy stages
原文 Figure 21|Management of anticoagulants during the different stages of pregnancy in women with mechanical heart valves.
來源:2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease and pregnancy (Eur Heart J, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf193) — 個人教學使用,原始版權屬 ESC。

🧭 圖表逐步解析:Figure 21

這張圖在回答什麼問題:MHV 孕婦怎麼跨三孕期 + delivery 切換抗凝?依「valve thrombosis 高 vs 低風險」分流。

Step 1:Management of pregnant women with mechanical heart valves by the Pregnancy Heart Team (Class I)。
Step 2:Good control of anticoagulation with therapeutic INRs。
Step 3 — Pregnancy Heart Team decision taking into account:
  • High risk of valve thrombosis(See box below)
  • VKA dosea(<5 mg/day vs >5 mg/day warfarin equivalent)
  • Maternal choice
Step 4:Counsel that pregnancy risks are very high;discuss pregnancy alternatives。
Step 5 — First trimester(risk of embryopathy)分流:
  • No high-risk of valve thrombosis(See box below):
    • High dose VKA(>5 mg/day)→ Switch to Dose-adjusted LMWH
      • Availability of anti-factor Xa testing
  • High-risk of valve thrombosis(See box below)+ No high VKA dose OR no anti-factor Xa testing available:
    • Continue VKA(<5 mg/day)
    • Continuous i.v. UFH(rarely used,只在 special cases)
Step 6 — Second / third trimester:Pregnancy Heart Team decision taking into account:
  • High risk of valve thrombosis(See box below)
  • Maternal choice
VKA(usual care)VKA, if higher risk of valve thrombosisDose-adjusted LMWH, if
標準Class IIaLower risk of valve thrombosis;Availability of anti-factor Xa testing;Class IIb
Step 7 — Last 2 weeks of pregnancy and deliveryb:

強制切換到 LMWH 或 UFH(VKA 不能在分娩前 2 週用,否則 fetal intracranial hemorrhage 風險高)。Delivery 規劃在 controlled inpatient setting。

High risk of valve thrombosis(圖下方 box):
  • Right sided valves
  • Mitral valve replacement
  • Atrial fibrillation
  • Poor LV function
  • Previous thrombotic events
  • Valve dysfunction especially stenosis
  • Other clotting risks (smoker)
  • Older generation valves

標註:aSee Figure 5 and Section 4.5.7;bSee Figure 5。

容易踩雷的地方:

陷阱 1 — 把 LMWH 當「無 anti-Xa 測也可」:LMWH 對 MHV 是高風險選擇,必須有 anti-Xa monitoring(peak 1.0-1.2 IU/mL anti-Xa)才能 substitute VKA。沒 anti-Xa 設施就要繼續 VKA(即使 >5 mg/day)。
陷阱 2 — Mitral valve replacement 用低劑量 VKA:MVR 是 high-risk valve thrombosis,target INR 通常 2.5-3.5(不是 standard 2-3)。Pre-conception 確認 target INR。
陷阱 3 — Last 2 weeks 不切換:分娩時 VKA 殘留 → fetal/maternal intracranial hemorrhage。一律切換到 LMWH(last 36h 改 UFH for delivery flexibility)。
陷阱 4 — DOAC 用於 MHV:絕對禁忌!RE-ALIGN trial 顯示 dabigatran in MHV inferior to warfarin。妊娠 + MHV 一律 VKA 或 LMWH,不可 DOAC。

💔 §12.6 Acute Heart Failure / Cardiogenic Shock — Figure 22

ESC 2025 Pregnancy — Figure 22 Acute HF / cardiogenic shock management
原文 Figure 22|Management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock in pregnancy and up to 6 months post-partum.
來源:2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease and pregnancy (Eur Heart J, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf193) — 個人教學使用,原始版權屬 ESC。

🧭 圖表逐步解析:Figure 22

這張圖在回答什麼問題:孕期 / 產後 6 個月內的 acute HF / cardiogenic shock 怎麼分流?

Step 1:Management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock in pregnancy and up to 6 months post-partum。
Step 2:Consider corticosteroids for foetal lung maturation if <35 weeks of gestation。
Step 3 — Assess HF severity:分 Severe HF or cardiogenic shock 與 No severe HF or cardiogenic shock 兩條。
Step 4a — Severe HF or cardiogenic shock(左):
  • Preload optimization:volume versus diuretics;initiate nitrates if SBP >110 mmHg
  • Oxygen optimization:noninvasive mechanical ventilation;urgent delivery,if SpO2 <90%
  • Add inotropes and/or vasopressors:levosimendan without loading dose、dobutamine 或 milrinone(Class I)
  • Urgent delivery by caesarean section in case of cardiogenic shock(Class I)
Step 5a — In PPCM(subset of Severe):
  • If delivered:Bromocriptinea(Class IIb)
  • Anticoagulation therapy(heparin/LMWH)to avoid thromboembolic events if bromocriptine is used(Class IIa)
Step 6a — Persistent shock:
  • MCS(preferably VA-ECMO or LVAD)—in accordance with local availability and team experience;’bridge-to-recovery’ or ‘bridge-to-bridge’ in case of refractory cardiogenic shock
  • If no recovery → Heart transplantation
Step 4b — No severe HF or cardiogenic shock(右):分 Delivered vs Not delivered。
  • Delivered (post-partum, no severe HF):start ACE-I、ARB、ARNI、BB、MRA、SGLT2i、diuretic(regular HF GDMT),加 ivabradine(若 HR 持續)。Bromocriptine 可考慮 for PPCM with persistent dysfunction。
  • Not delivered (pregnancy, no severe HF):Hydralazine、nitrate、beta-blocker、bisoprolol、metoprolol succinate、diuretic(PPCM peripartum management);Consider vaginal delivery with epidural analgesia。

標註:aBromocriptine: starting dose 2.5 mg twice daily with up-titration if needed

容易踩雷的地方:

陷阱 1 — Cardiogenic shock 不立即 deliver:CS in pregnancy → 立即 caesarean(Class I)。延後 = 母體與胎兒雙輸。
陷阱 2 — Levosimendan 用 loading dose:在妊娠 / 產後 levosimendan 不用 loading dose(避免 hypotension)。Continuous infusion 6-12 µg/kg/min。
陷阱 3 — Dobutamine + bromocriptine 不抗凝:bromocriptine 促血栓;inotropic support + bromocriptine 同步 → 強制 prophylactic anticoagulation。
陷阱 4 — 沒 deliver 就用 ACEi:ACEi/ARB/ARNI/MRA/SGLT2i 都是妊娠禁忌。Not delivered 期間用 hydralazine、nitrate、metoprolol、bisoprolol、digoxin。Delivered 後才能恢復 GDMT。
陷阱 5 — 嚴重 PPCM 不送 MCS:refractory CS in PPCM 結果差。早期 VA-ECMO(bridge to recovery)顯著改善 survival;不要等 multi-organ failure 才考慮。

🧬 §12.7.1 Cardio-oncology + Pregnancy

整體立場

建議COR/LOE
需要 cardiotoxic 治療的 cancer 孕婦 → PHT + cardio-oncology team 共管I C(新加)

常見 cardiotoxic 化療在妊娠

藥物妊娠期Trimester 注意
Anthracyclines(doxorubicin)避免 1st trimester;2nd/3rd 可在 cardio-onco 監測下用監測 cardiac biomarker + echo before / after each cycle
Trastuzumab禁忌全程(oligohydramnios、neonatal renal failure)Delay 到產後
Cyclophosphamide避免 1st trimester2nd/3rd 可在限制劑量下用
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors多數禁忌或 limited data個別與 onco discuss
Methotrexate絕對禁忌(畸胎)—
Hormonal therapy(tamoxifen)禁忌—
Radiation避免 with abdominal shielding;breast / head/neck/extremity OK with shielding—

Cardio-onco monitoring schedule

  • Pre-pregnancy:baseline LVEF + GLS + cardiac biomarker;CV risk factor optimize。
  • Pregnancy(若 cardiotoxic 治療):每 cycle 前後 LVEF + GLS + cTn + BNP。
  • Post-partum:6 週、6 個月、1 年;之後 annual surveillance(看具體 anthracycline cumulative dose)。

🫀 §12.7.2 Heart Transplantation + Pregnancy

核心建議(新加 Class I)

建議COR/LOE
產後再懷孕:postpone ≥1 年 after heart Tx,individual risk factors 納入考慮I C
Immunosuppression serum drug levels 監測:4 週直到 32w、2 週直到 36w、每週直到 delivery、6-12 個月 post-partumI C

Immunosuppression 的 pregnancy-safe 換藥

不行替代
Mycophenolate mofetil(強致畸 — first-trimester loss、cleft lip/palate)Switch to azathioprine(pre-conception 6 個月)
Sirolimus / Everolimus(teratogenic)Switch to tacrolimus 或 cyclosporine
Methotrexate(強致畸)避免 ≥3 個月 pre-conception

實務:Heart Tx 後想懷孕的女性,pre-conception 6-12 個月就要由 transplant team + PHT 開始 review immunosuppression、stabilize 在 azathioprine + tacrolimus + prednisone。

Heart Tx 妊娠的特殊風險

  • Allograft rejection:immunosuppression level fluctuation 是 trigger,定期 EMB(個別評估)
  • Pre-eclampsia 與 HDP 風險升高(calcineurin inhibitor effect on renal)
  • Vasculopathy 進展與 ischaemic events
  • Preterm 與 SGA 風險升高
  • Infection(CMV reactivation 等)

📋 §12.5-12.7 重點 Recommendations 整理

主題2025 建議COR/LOEvs 2018
Severe MS / AS pre-conception evaluationmWHO IV → PHT counsellingI C確認
Severe MS with HFBeta-blocker + diuretic → percutaneous valvotomyIIa C確認
MHV anticoagulation:care plan documented pre-pregnancyPre-pregnancy 或 pregnancy detected 後立即 PHT 制定計畫I C新加
Valve surgery during pregnancyOnly if maternal mortality risk + other treatment failedIIa C明確化(從 IIb → IIa)
Acute HF / CS in pregnancy:inotropesLevosimendan / dobutamine / milrinoneI C新加
ACEi/ARB/ARNI/MRA/ivabradine/SGLT2i in pregnancy禁忌III C明確化(共識)
Cardio-onco + pregnancyPHT + cardio-onco team 共管I C新加
Heart Tx + pregnancy:postpone ≥1 年Allograft 穩定後 ≥1 年I C新加
Heart Tx + pregnancy:IS monitoring4 週 → 2 週 → 每週 → post-partum 6-12 個月I C新加
✅ 重點回顧
  • Valvular HD(Fig 20):Mitral stenosis + 嚴重 AS 是高危;severe regurgitation 通常 well-tolerated;MS / AS 急性處置 → BB + diuretic ± percutaneous valvotomy。
  • MHV anticoagulation(Fig 21):依 valve thrombosis 風險與 VKA 劑量分流;<5 mg/day VKA 可整孕期;>5 mg/day 1st trimester 換 LMWH(anti-Xa 監測);last 2 週改 LMWH/UFH;DOAC 絕對禁忌。
  • Acute HF / CS(Fig 22):分 severe vs no severe;severe → preload optimization + inotropes + 立即 caesarean;PPCM 特殊 → bromocriptine + 強制抗凝;refractory shock → MCS(VA-ECMO / LVAD)→ Tx。
  • Cardio-onco:PHT + cardio-onco 共管 I C;trastuzumab、methotrexate、tamoxifen 全程禁忌;anthracycline、cyclophosphamide 在 2nd/3rd trimester 可在 monitor 下用。
  • Heart Tx:postpone ≥1 年 after Tx I C;mycophenolate → azathioprine pre-conception;IS level 4-2-1 週監測。

📖 References

  1. De Backer J, Haugaa KH, Hasselberg NE, et al. 2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease and pregnancy. Eur Heart J 2025;46(43):4462–4568. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf193
  2. Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F, et al. 2025 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J 2025;46(45):4635-4796.
  3. Bauersachs J, Konig T, van der Meer P, et al. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of peripartum cardiomyopathy: ESC HFA position statement. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:827-843.
  4. Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Brueckmann M, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves (RE-ALIGN). N Engl J Med 2013;369:1206-1214.
  5. Lyon AR, Lopez-Fernandez T, Couch LS, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardio-oncology. Eur Heart J 2022;43:4229-4361.
  6. Acuna SA, Lin AE, Patel JK, et al. Pregnancy outcomes after heart transplantation: A systematic review. J Heart Lung Transplant 2022;41:S147.

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