2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease and pregnancy (IV) — Arrhythmias 與 Cardiac Arrest

📍 對應原文章節:§12.4 Arrhythmias(含 SVT、AF、VT、PM/ICD、Cardiac arrest)|對應 Figure:Figure 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19|對應 Recommendation Tables:Table 12(補充)
🎯 Take-home Message
  • 新發 cardiac arrest 三條 Class I C:(1) Manual left uterine displacement(≥20w)解 aortocaval compression;(2) IV access above diaphragm;(3) 不可因 teratogenicity 顧慮停藥—ACLS drugs 一律給。
  • Narrow QRS SVT(Fig 14):stable 用 vagal → adenosine;unstable 立即 electrical cardioversion;recurrent → metoprolol。
  • AF/AFL(Fig 15):unstable / pre-excitation 立即 electrical cardioversion;stable 結構性心臟病 → IV metoprolol;無結構性 → IV flecainide 或 ibutilide;AVOID amiodarone(fetal thyroid)。
  • VT(Fig 16):依 aetiology 細分(unknown、structural、idiopathic RVOT、fascicular、CPVT、LQT/TdP、Brugada、idiopathic VF),每群有特定 IV drug。
  • PM/ICD(Fig 17/18):產前 PHT + electrophysiologist 介入;分娩 high-risk 用 continuous rhythm monitoring + 暫時關 ICD VF therapy(用 magnet)或 reprogramming。

⚡ §12.4 Arrhythmias 概論 — Figure 13(為什麼孕期會有 arrhythmia)

ESC 2025 Pregnancy — Figure 13 Arrhythmogenesis in pregnant women
原文 Figure 13|Arrhythmogenesis in pregnant women.
來源:2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease and pregnancy (Eur Heart J, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf193) — 個人教學使用,原始版權屬 ESC。

🧭 圖表逐步解析:Figure 13

這張圖在回答什麼問題:為什麼孕期 / 產後 arrhythmia 發作率上升?分 pre-existing 與 pregnancy-related 兩面分析。

Left — Pre-existing conditions:
  • Substrates(解剖 substrate):CAD、CHD、CMP、valvular HD、channelopathies
  • CV risk factors:ageing、obesity、hypertension、diabetes
Right — Pregnancy-related changes in triggers and modulators(5 大類):
  • Electrical:HR 上升、automaticity 增、ectopic activity 增
  • Hormonal:oestrogen 上升(影響 QT、refractoriness)
  • Haemodynamic:cardiac output ↑、ventricular end-diastolic volume ↑、cardiac wall stress ↑、atrial size ↑(atrial stretch → AF/AT trigger)
  • Autonomic:plasma catecholamine concentrations 上升
  • Metabolic:thyrotoxicosis(部分孕婦 transient)、electrolyte changes(Mg、K shift)

實務意涵:pre-existing substrate + pregnancy trigger 是 arrhythmia 高發的根因。處置策略要同時 (a) treat acute event、(b) consider substrate management、(c) post-partum re-evaluate(多數 trigger 在產後 6 週緩解)。

💓 Narrow QRS Tachycardia — Figure 14

ESC 2025 Pregnancy — Figure 14 Narrow QRS tachycardia management
原文 Figure 14|Management of narrow QRS tachycardia in pregnant women.
來源:2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease and pregnancy (Eur Heart J, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf193) — 個人教學使用,原始版權屬 ESC。

🧭 圖表逐步解析:Figure 14

這張圖在回答什麼問題:孕婦 SVT(narrow QRS tachycardia),怎麼分流處置?

Step 1:Management of narrow QRS tachycardia in pregnant women。
Step 2 — 血流動力學分流:
  • Haemodynamically unstable SVT → Electrical cardioversion (Class I);pad position 為 sterno-apical / antero-posterior、avoid breast tissue、foetal heart rate monitoring。
  • Haemodynamically stable SVT → Vagal manoeuvres:Valsalva、carotid sinus massage(Class I)→ 進 Step 3。
Step 3:Vagal 無效 → i.v. adenosinea(Class I)— Adenosine 6-18 mg bolus;safe in pregnancy。
Step 4 — If sinus rhythm not achieved:
  • i.v. beta-blockersb e.g. metoprolol(Class I)— 2.5-5 mg bolus over 5 min(atenolol contraindicated)
    OR
  • i.v. verapamilc(Class IIa)— 2.5-10 mg bolus over 5 min

容易踩雷的地方:

陷阱 1 — Adenosine 不敢給:adenosine 半衰期短(<10s)、不過胎盤、不影響胎兒。Vagal 不行就立即 adenosine。
陷阱 2 — Verapamil 一線:Verapamil 是 IIa 而非 I(在 BB 之後)。Atenolol 禁忌(IUGR)。
陷阱 3 — Defib pad 放在 breast 上:避免 breast tissue(impedance 高),用 sterno-apical 或 antero-posterior position;fetal HR monitoring 同步。

💗 AF / Atrial Flutter — Figure 15

ESC 2025 Pregnancy — Figure 15 AF/AFL management
原文 Figure 15|Management of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter in pregnancy.
來源:2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease and pregnancy (Eur Heart J, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf193) — 個人教學使用,原始版權屬 ESC。

🧭 圖表逐步解析:Figure 15

Step 1:Management of AF/AFL in pregnant women。
Step 2 — 三條分流:
  • Haemodynamically unstable AF/AFL → Electrical cardioversion (Class I)。
  • AF/AFL with pre-excitation and high ventricular rates(WPW)→ Electrical cardioversion (Class I)。絕對不要 AV node blockers(會造成 1:1 AV conduction)。
  • Haemodynamically stable AF/AFL → 進 Step 3。
Step 3 — Severe structural heart disease?
  • 有 severe structural HD(左下分支):
    • Acute rate control:i.v. beta-blockersa(metoprolol)(Class I)OR i.v. verapamilc(Class IIa)OR i.v. digoxind(Class IIa)
    • Avoid amiodarone or dronedarone
  • 無嚴重結構性疾病(右下分支):
    • Pharmacological cardioversion:i.v. flecainidee(Class IIb)OR i.v. ibutilidef(Class IIb)

標註:

  • aMetoprolol 2.5–15 mg;batenolol contraindicated;cVerapamil 2.5–5 mg over 5 min;dDigoxin 2 mg/kg over 10 min;eFlecainide <60 kg 0.01 mg/kg over 10 min, repeated after 10 min if necessary;fIbutilide ≥60 kg 1 mg over 10 min, repeated after 10 min if necessary

容易踩雷的地方:

陷阱 1 — Amiodarone 在妊娠 AF:絕對禁忌(fetal hypothyroidism、goiter、neurodevelopmental impairment)。Lactation 也要避免(lipid-soluble,乳汁濃度高)。
陷阱 2 — Pre-excited AF 用 BB / verapamil / digoxin:禁忌!這些 AV node blockers 會增加 accessory pathway conduction → 危險的 1:1 → VF。直接 electrical cardioversion。
陷阱 3 — 無結構心臟病者直接 amiodarone:無結構心 + stable AF 用 flecainide / ibutilide 為一線;amiodarone 是 last resort(給 unstable + 無其他選項)。
陷阱 4 — 抗凝決策:CHA2DS2-VA in pregnancy 採個別評估。Pregnancy itself 是 prothrombotic state;多數 AF + pregnancy 給 LMWH(不是 VKA 也不是 DOAC)。

🔥 Ventricular Tachycardia — Figure 16

ESC 2025 Pregnancy — Figure 16 VT management in pregnancy
原文 Figure 16|Management of ventricular tachycardias in pregnancy.
來源:2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease and pregnancy (Eur Heart J, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf193) — 個人教學使用,原始版權屬 ESC。

🧭 圖表逐步解析:Figure 16

這張圖在回答什麼問題:孕婦 VT 怎麼依 aetiology 決定 IV 用藥?

Step 1:Management of ventricular tachycardia in pregnancy。
Step 2 — 一線:Electrical cardioversion (Class I) if unstable。
Step 3 — Pharmacological acute conversion 或 recurrent VT/VF management(按 aetiology 分 9 群):
Aetiology一線 IV drug二線 / 補充
Unknown / other aetiologyi.v. beta-blockers(routine usage)i.v. procainamide (Class I)
Structural heart diseasei.v. beta-blockers(routine usage)i.v. procainamide (Class I)
Idiopathic RVOT-VTi.v. beta-blockers(Class I)i.v. adenosine (Class IIa)
Fascicular VTi.v. verapamil (Class IIa)—
CPVTi.v. beta-blockers (Class I)—
Long QT or Torsade de Pointes VTRemove precipitating factors;i.v. beta-blockers (e.g. propranolol) (Class I)i.v. Mg++/K+;Overdrive pacing
Brugada syndromei.v. isoproterenolp.o. quinidine (Class IIa)
Idiopathic VFi.v. isoproterenolp.o. quinidine、i.v. verapamil
Step 4 — Failure of pharmacological conversion/control → MCS / catheter ablation 評估。

容易踩雷的地方:

陷阱 1 — LQTS-related TdP 用 amiodarone:禁忌!Amiodarone 延長 QT 更甚,會 worsen。用 BB(propranolol IV)+ Mg + K + overdrive pacing。
陷阱 2 — Brugada-related VT 用 BB:禁忌!Brugada VT 是 isoproterenol + quinidine 的組合(BB 反而觸發)。
陷阱 3 — Fascicular VT 用 BB:fascicular VT 對 verapamil 特別有效(dose 2.5-10 mg);BB 反而效果差。
陷阱 4 — Idiopathic RVOT-VT 不試 adenosine:RVOT-VT 對 adenosine 有反應(用以區分),雙 IIa 適應症。

📟 PM / ICD Management — Figure 17, 18

ESC 2025 Pregnancy — Figure 17 PM/ICD management during pregnancy
原文 Figure 17|Management of pacemaker and implantable cardioverter defibrillator and pregnancy.
來源:2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease and pregnancy (Eur Heart J, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf193) — 個人教學使用,原始版權屬 ESC。

🧭 圖表逐步解析:Figure 17

四階段:

Pre-pregnancy:PHT including electrophysiologist 介入準備(pre-pregnancy battery、lead check、anti-arrhythmic drug review);initiate 或 adapt antiarrhythmic therapy。
Pregnancy:(a) Evaluate function of PM/ICD:battery status、sensing、pacing、impedance of leads、evaluation of stored arrhythmia events;(b) Schedule regular follow-up visits during entire pregnancy。
Admission for delivery:Continuous rhythm monitoring for high-risk womena。
ICD-specific(delivery)evaluation:
  • Adaptation of programming of the ICD to minimize the risk of inappropriate shocks during delivery:VT therapy zone should be turned off, only the VF therapy zone should be availableb OR
  • Placing of magnet over ICD battery—temporarily suspends ICD therapy if necessary。This is an alternative to device reprogramming。
  • Women with pacing-dependency:in case of electrosurgery, use bipolar mode to avoid interference。Do not program a device in DOO/VOO mode, as there is a risk of R on T phenomena
After delivery:Reprogramming of PM/ICD to its original status。
ESC 2025 Pregnancy — Figure 18 ICD shocks management
原文 Figure 18|Management of implantable cardioverter defibrillator shocks during pregnancy.
來源:2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease and pregnancy (Eur Heart J, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf193) — 個人教學使用,原始版權屬 ESC。

🧭 圖表逐步解析:Figure 18

這張圖在回答什麼問題:孕婦 ICD 放電了,怎麼快速分流?

Step 1:ICD interrogation。
Step 2 — Appropriate vs Inappropriate shocks 分流:
Appropriate shocks 分支(左):
  • VT/VF → Haemodynamically stable? →
    • 是:Identify and treat triggers → Anti-arrhythmic drug therapy (see related section)
    • 否:Start advanced life support (see related section)
  • If serious side effects or drug refractoriness → consider catheter ablation (Class IIb)。
Inappropriate shocks 分支(右):
  • Programmer available? →
    • 是:Device reprogramming → reprogram to discriminate SVT 或 reprogram to avoid T-wave oversensing。
    • 否:Position magnet over the ICD(暫時 suspend therapy)→ get programmer / call EP。

容易踩雷的地方:

陷阱 1 — ICD 放電後立即假設 inappropriate:先 interrogate 看 stored EGM。若 VT/VF 真實事件,要找 trigger(電解質、發燒、antiarrhythmic 漏服)。
陷阱 2 — Pregnant women 不放 magnet:magnet 可以 safe 用於 pregnancy,會 suspend ICD therapy(但保留 anti-bradycardia pacing)。
陷阱 3 — VT zone 留著做 delivery:分娩劇烈 sinus tachycardia 可能 trigger inappropriate shocks。Delivery 前關 VT zone(只留 VF zone)或用 magnet。

🚨 Cardiac Arrest in Pregnancy — Figure 19(新增重點)

ESC 2025 Pregnancy — Figure 19 Cardiac arrest in pregnancy
原文 Figure 19|Management of cardiac arrest in pregnancy.
來源:2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease and pregnancy (Eur Heart J, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf193) — 個人教學使用,原始版權屬 ESC。

🧭 圖表逐步解析:Figure 19

這張圖在回答什麼問題:孕婦 cardiac arrest,maternal 與 obstetric 介入怎麼整合?

Step 1:Management of cardiac arrest in pregnancy。
Step 2 — Potential aetiology(10 條左右):
  • Anaesthetic complications
  • Bleeding
  • Cardiovascular causes
  • Drugs
  • Amniotic fluid embolism
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Eclampsia
Step 3 — 三大 intervention 軸(並行進行):
  • Maternal interventions(非 pregnancy-specific):
    • Airway management
    • Drug choices and doses as in non-pregnant I — 不可因 teratogenicity 顧慮停藥
    • Chest compressions as in non-pregnant I
    • Defibrillation protocol as in non-pregnant I
    • Anterolateral defibrillator pad placement with the lateral pad placed under the breast I
  • Maternal interventions(pregnancy-specific):
    • Continuous manual left uterus displacement (Class I) — 解 aortocaval compression(≥20w)
    • i.v. access above the diaphragm (Class I) — 確保藥物不被孕子宮阻擋
    • In women with magnesium infusion (pre-eclampsia):Stop Mg++ infusion and administer calcium gluconatea (30 mL Ca gluconate 10% solution)
    • In resuscitated pregnant women, temperature control on an individual basis
  • Obstetric interventions:
    • If no ROSC after 4 min of resuscitation efforts and foetus is viable, immediate caesarean section (Class IIa)
    • Neonatal Team

容易踩雷的地方:

陷阱 1 — Resuscitative caesarean 等太久:明確 4 min 後無 ROSC + 胎兒 viable 立即做 caesarean。延後會降低 maternal survival(解 aortocaval compression 後 CPR 才有效)+ fetal survival。
陷阱 2 — 不打 epinephrine 因為「會傷胎兒」:明確 Class I C 不可因 teratogenicity 顧慮停藥。Maternal survival 是第一優先;ACLS dose 與 protocol 與非孕婦相同。
陷阱 3 — IV access 放下肢:≥20w 子宮會 compress IVC → 下肢藥物 ineffective。一律 above-diaphragm(jugular、subclavian、ante-cubital)。
陷阱 4 — 沒做 manual uterine displacement:>20w 必須 manual lateral displacement(一手放右側腰,把子宮往左推),不要用左側 tilt(影響 chest compression 質量)。
陷阱 5 — Pre-eclampsia + Mg infusion 持續:Mg 過量本身可造成 cardiac arrest。Stop infusion + give calcium gluconate 30 mL 10%。
陷阱 6 — 後 ROSC 不持續監測:產後 24-48 小時 closely 監測 maternal 與 fetal status;post-arrest team 持續到 stable。

📋 §12.4 重點 Recommendations 整理

主題2025 建議COR/LOEvs 2018
Unstable SVT/AF/VT立即 electrical cardioversionI C確認
Stable SVTVagal → adenosine → BB(metoprolol)I C確認
Stable AF/AFL with structural HDi.v. metoprolol / verapamil / digoxinI / IIa確認
Stable AF/AFL without structural HDi.v. flecainide 或 ibutilideIIb新加細項
LQTS-related TdPBB + Mg + K + overdrive pacingI明確化
Brugada-related VTIsoproterenol + quinidineI明確化
Cardiac arrest manual uterine displacement≥20wI C新加
Cardiac arrest IV access above diaphragm避免 IVC compressionI C新加
Cardiac arrest no drug withholding不為 teratogenicity 顧慮停藥I C新加
Perimortem caesarean <4 min no ROSC + viable foetus立即進行IIa明確 4 分鐘
Pre-eclampsia + Mg overdoseStop Mg + Ca gluconateI新加細項
Congenital AVB asymptomatic + normal anatomy + narrow QRS + HR ≥50 bpm不建議 prophylactic temporary pacemakerIII C新加
✅ 重點回顧
  • SVT(Fig 14):vagal → adenosine → BB(metoprolol)→ verapamil;unstable 立即 cardioversion。
  • AF/AFL(Fig 15):unstable / pre-excited 立即 cardioversion;structural HD → rate control(metoprolol/verapamil/digoxin);無結構 → flecainide/ibutilide;amiodarone 全程禁忌。
  • VT(Fig 16):依 aetiology 8 群分藥;LQTS-TdP 用 BB+Mg+K+overdrive,Brugada 用 isoproterenol+quinidine,fascicular 用 verapamil。
  • PM/ICD(Fig 17/18):PHT + EP 全期介入;delivery 高風險者 continuous monitoring + 暫關 VT therapy zone 或 magnet;ICD 放電先 interrogate 看是 appropriate 還是 inappropriate。
  • Cardiac arrest(Fig 19):三條 Class I C 新加 — manual uterine displacement、IV above diaphragm、不停 ACLS drug;4 min no ROSC + viable → 立即 caesarean (IIa);Pre-eclampsia + Mg overdose → stop Mg + Ca gluconate。

📖 References

  1. De Backer J, Haugaa KH, Hasselberg NE, et al. 2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease and pregnancy. Eur Heart J 2025;46(43):4462–4568. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf193
  2. Lipman S, Cohen S, Einav S, et al. The Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology consensus statement on the management of cardiac arrest in pregnancy. Anesth Analg 2014;118:1003-1016.
  3. Jeejeebhoy FM, Zelop CM, Lipman S, et al. Cardiac Arrest in Pregnancy: Scientific Statement From the AHA. Circulation 2015;132:1747-1773.
  4. Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2021;42:373-498.
  5. Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, de Riva M, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J 2022;43:3997-4126.
  6. Van Gelder IC, Rienstra M, Bunting KV, et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2024;45:3314-3414.

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